Fountains come in various materials with unique characteristics. Stone and concrete are durable, but glass and resin are delicate and require more care. For this reason, it's best to weigh the options available to choose a fountain that best serves your needs. The material you choose will determine how long the fountain lasts and its appeal over time.
Fountain Materials
You can choose from the wide variety of fountain materials available. These include stone, metal, ceramic, concrete, brick, resin, and glass.
Stone (Granite, Marble, Limestone, Basalt)
Stone has a timeless appeal. Both natural and cast stones are durable and suitable for outdoor functionality. Kevin of This Old House says natural stones are the best materials for a water feature. When installed in the right place, they create a timeless effect.
Stone fountains come in various forms. Their variety allows them to create formal and informal looks. They can elevate the style of any given setting.
Limestone
Limestone is softer, smoother, and porous, making it easy to curve. It's also very durable. But it may absorb water. Besides, limestone is reactive to acids, including acidic rainwater. This makes it more susceptible to weathering, cracking, or staining over time.
Limestone is generally a cost-effective natural stone. It's known for its light hue and subtle lines. It’s delicate and may need extra caution when handling to ensure longevity. While it has a natural, rustic feel, you may need to seal your limestone fountain. Sealing helps protect it from liquids and staining.
Marble
Marble is a transformed limestone. It has various types, including monocolored and polychrome marbles. You can find marble in multiple colors. Some come in solid colors like white, red, black, or cream. Others exist in several colors, with subtle to dramatic veins.
While the stone is durable, it is advisable to seal it at least once a year to maintain its structure. Marble fountains can create a luxurious and natural appearance in any environment. Their polished finish makes them a bit pricey. Besides, they need special care to maintain their look. You may need to clean and polish the fountain occasionally with non-abrasive agents.
Granite
Unlike marble and limestone, granite is an igneous rock. It often forms with the crystallization of melted rocks. This process makes the stone hard and durable. Its resistance to weathering, scratches, stains, and chemical erosion. It can make a good material for fountains in cold climates.
Granite fountains come in a wide selection of designs. They may include unique colors and patterns. Though an expensive stone, they are low maintenance. They can also create a stunning look in any setting, including a minimalistic space. This makes it worth investing in if you’re looking to elevate the mood of your space.
Basalt
Most homeowners love basalt for its tough and durable nature. Its impressive properties, including resistance to various elements and heat, make it expensive. It's ideal for a wide range of commercial uses. Most sophisticated décor items come from polished basalt.
Basalt is a common natural stone that combines granite's durability with limestone's subtlety. This combination can create a calming effect in any space. But you may need to avoid harsh abrasives and chemicals when cleaning your fountain. These can damage the water feature.
Metal (Copper, Bronze, Brass, Aluminum, Stainless steel)
There are various types of metal fountains. Each feature has unique characteristics and aesthetics. From bold designs to simple artistic creations, every item can find the perfect home.
Stainless Steel
Stainless steel is one of the best materials for fountains. It's resistant to rust, corrosion, and bacterial build-up. It is also BPA-free and outshines other metals in terms of hygiene. Stainless steel fountains are low-maintenance and built for longevity.
The sleek, polished finish makes stainless steel water features suitable for any space. It's a good choice if you want to add a modern touch to your space. While they can be pricey, stainless steel fountains are the best long-term investment.
Copper
Though expensive, copper is a primary metal that’s a go-to material for fountains. It's one of the most conductive metals that is rust-resistant. Its antimicrobial properties make it safe for outdoor and indoor settings.
Copper's malleability allows for the creation of creative fountain designs. From withered leaves to mushroom-like water features, there's something for everyone. The metal is durable and not affected by elements. But you may need to polish it from time to time to maintain its shine and shape for years.
Bronze
Bronze has broad applicability. It can be molded into sophisticated designs to suit many artistic expressions. Polished bronze exhibits a luster that is hard to overlook. Its classic look makes it a great addition to any given setting.
Bronze is a cost-effective material. The versatile metal is durable, corrosion-resistant, and exudes low friction. Bronze fountains are low maintenance and can last for years when sealed well.
Brass
Brass has various appealing properties. It's super malleable, corrosion-resistant, and antibacterial. Though pricey, it's a top choice for decorative pieces like fountains.
Brass fountains can complete any setting with their elegant and lasting effect. They convey a soft touch that can elevate the mood of your environment. If you take good care of the water feature and keep it polished, it can last a long time.
Aluminum
Aluminum is the best choice if you want an affordable but solid and durable metal. It is lightweight and softer than stainless steel. It's also corrosion-resistant and malleable, implying it can take various shapes and sizes.
Aluminum fountains can complement various styles, including rustic and contemporary designs. Their extraordinary elegance is hard to overlook. Besides, homeowners find aluminum fountains easy to maintain. But they are prone to wear and tear.
Concrete
Concrete fountains are inexpensive and can take up various forms. It’s easy to find one that complements the style you want to achieve in your space, whether big or small. You can customize a cement fountain with a texture, color, or finish that matches your style.
Though famous, regular concrete fountains like cast stone rarely appear refined. This doesn’t mean that concrete is less durable. It’s a heavy fountain material suitable for outdoor use. It can withstand various elements, including strong wind. But you may have to seal the concrete. This will protect it from staining and damage from water and other liquids.
Brick
Brick is an artificial stone that is more available than other types of natural stones. It is less expensive and can complement any style, including color and shape.
Polished bricks can create a charming and lasting effect. They are the best for your garden, courtyard, or patio. Brick water features tend to blend well with their surroundings. They can complement brick walls and pathways.
Most brick fountains are durable and, hence, are best suited for outdoor use. Though low maintenance, they need regular cleaning to keep them looking fresh.
Resin
Resin is a common material for fountains. It's less expensive than natural stone. This makes it an affordable option if you're on a tight budget. The material is lightweight, hence easy to move and install on the porch or backyard. It comes in various colors and finishes, which can create a lasting impression in any setting.
Resin's durability is unquestionable. But it would help if you took a few precautions to keep a resin fountain in good condition. A resin water feature is super easy to maintain. You only need to clean it with warm water and a regular household cleaner. Consider spraying it with a UV-resistant solution to ensure it preserves its look.
Most homeowners prefer installing resin fountains in covered spaces. Doing so protects them from sun damage and other elements.
Glass
Although expensive, glass fountains are breathtaking. They look like delicate yet timeless art pieces, adding to a space's elegance and style. Observing the water flow seamlessly through the smooth, transparent surface can be calming. This delicacy means they are only suitable for selective spaces. They aren't ideal for extra busy and chaotic outdoor spaces.
Like typical glass articles, these fountains can break under high impact. This makes their durability questionable. But with special care and attention, they can last longer than expected. Consider cleaning them with non-abrasive agents to keep the shine and texture.
Ceramic
Ceramic is a great, cost-effective décor material for your garden, deck, or living room. These may include glazed, porcelain, and terra cotta. You can achieve a lasting style in your space by choosing from available options.
Ceramics are a refectory material. They are durable and can withstand high pressure and temperature. But this material is delicate. You'll need to be extra careful when installing it, as it could break apart. It's also best to avoid harsh cleansers, which may damage the polished finish.
Comparative Analysis
Health and Safety Considerations
Health and safety considerations are vital to purchasing and installing water features. Various materials constitute diverse substances. So, it's essential to understand how what you're bringing to your space might affect you.
Aluminum
Most metals, except for gold and silver, react with water. Be diligent when choosing the best metal for your fountain. Aluminum, for instance, can rust when exposed to acidic or salty water. This could result in aluminum ions linking into the water. The leakage is a risk factor for health issues in humans or animals that interact with the water. Besides, aluminum fragments in the water can affect aquatic life in the long term.
Brass and Bronze
Brass and bronze fountains may contain traces of lead. Lead exposure is a risk factor for various health complications. It can cause neurotoxicity in children and cognitive and behavioral issues. Lead poisoning in adults often manifests in organ disorders. Common issues include high blood pressure and sleeping problems.
Copper
Like other metals, copper fountains are alluring. But this doesn’t mean they are free of potential risks. An acidic environment may promote gradual metal corrosion, leaching copper into the water. Copper contamination is a risk factor for gastrointestinal tract infections. When ingested, it can damage the liver and kidneys.
Stainless Steel
Stainless steel is one of the safest metals for household and commercial use. But it can pose significant risks in extreme cases. The leaching of chromium and nickel is possible in extreme pH levels. Long or short-term exposure to chromium and nickel can be fatal. It can cause respiratory and dermatological problems.
Limestone
While limestone is harmless, it can sometimes be life-threatening. Overexposure to limestone components may cause eye irritation and respiratory conditions. A common health issue is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Besides, ingesting these elements can lead to gastrointestinal irritation and obstruction.
Granite
Granite doesn’t pose health hazards as a finished product. However, processing it creates airborne dust, a risk factor for several health complications. Direct exposure to granite elements may cause cancer. It can also trigger eye and skin irritation or even fibrosis.
Marble
As elegant as it is, marble is also linked to safety risks when mishandled. It’s smooth but can become slippery when wet. This is a potential risk for injuries due to accidental slips and falls. Injury can happen during the transportation and installation process.
Basalt
Like marble, basalt is also harmless as a finished product. However, it may have several health implications during manufacturing and installation. Excess inhalation of basalt rock dust may cause chronic lung disease. It can also damage the eyes and kidneys and cause severe skin burns.
Ceramic
Clay, consisting of crystalline silica, is a primary material in ceramics. Inhaling silica particles can scar the lung tissues. Wet clay also offers a conducive environment for mold and bacterial growth. Individuals with mold allergies are more vulnerable.
Resin
While resin may seem harmless, it contains components that may be harmful. For instance, skin and eye irritation is possible during epoxy curing. This is why it’s crucial to observe safety precautions when handling resin in its natural state.
Concrete
Concrete production poses significant health and safety risks. Wet concrete can cause chemical burns. The crystalline silica in dry concrete can cause eye irritation. It can also affect the respiratory system. Hexavalent chromium can also promote skin irritations, among other issues.
Glass
Some types of glass, like borosilicate glass, are harmless as they are hypoallergenic. However, the manufacture of glass fountains comes with various safety risks.
Cutting and shaping glass may cause eye injuries. Exposure to glass dust and paints may also irritate the lungs. The Washington State Department of Health recommends wearing safety gear to help reduce the risk of injury.
Environmental Impact and Sustainability
Quarrying and mining various metals and stones can cause environmental degradation. The production of raw materials is more likely to pollute water, air, and soil. There is also a high risk of the destruction of wildlife habitat. This is more likely to interfere with the ecosystem.
Non-recyclable materials, such as glass and ceramics, contribute to solid waste over time. Exposed landfills are a risk factor for transmitted diseases in the locality. They can also promote water contamination.
Likewise, the processing of fountain materials requires energy. Metal production, for instance, needs more power than other materials. The overconsumption of energy during the production phase can influence climate change. The excessive burning of fossil fuels promotes more greenhouse gas emissions.
Given the detrimental effects, it would be noble to go for sustainable water features. It’s best to leverage recyclable metals and materials like brick. They can help reduce the impact of producing new materials often. Another approach would be purchasing fountains made of durable materials. Granite, marble, and concrete are promising in terms of longevity.
Innovative Materials and Technologies
Recent developments in fountain technology manifest in the production of intriguing materials. These are hard to overlook as they are a reflection of the revolution of durable water features:
- Self-healing concrete: Features bacterial properties that can restore cracks.
- Pigmented concrete: Comes in warmer colors other than the usual grey.
- Pollution-absorbing bricks: They can filter the air from outside. They are also cheap and energy-efficient.
- Martian concrete: It's more affordable, robust, and fast-setting. It is also recyclable, hence environmentally friendly.
- Power-generating glass: It's energy-efficient. It can divert invisible light wavelengths and convert them to energy.
The shift towards sustainable, naturalistic materials is notable in recent fountain designs. Modern water features tend to mimic natural elements, creating an organic appeal. Most homeowners are also opting for minimalistic designs. Materials like clear glass and sleek metals are top choices.
Doug Kalal of Great Gardens Landscape Design says sound is as important as material. This induces the specific energy you want to achieve through the fountain in your space. The best material can create a lasting impression.
Choosing the Best Material
There are several considerations to make when selecting the best material:
- Budget: Materials like natural stones and metals are pricey. Consider affordable options if you're low on budget. They may include fiberglass, resin, and concrete.
- Style: Natural stone allows you to create a timeless or classic look. But metals like stainless steel and bronze are sleek enough for modern designs.
- Location: Most materials are suitable for both indoor and outdoor use. But for outdoor use, choose a heavier material like stone or concrete. These can withstand high-impact wind or storms as well as other elements.
- Durability: Stone, concrete, and most metals can last for years. They need proper maintenance, though.
- Weight: Lightweight water features are easier to transport and install. Resin, ceramic, or fiberglass are suitable if you're looking for something mobile. However, choose heavy materials for a durable and stable water feature. These are rarely affected by external pressures.
- Maintenance needs: Stone and metal fountains are generally high maintenance. They need routine cleaning and sealing. Glass and ceramics are fragile. They may require special care to prevent breakage or staining.
- Environmental impact: If you’re conscious of the environment, choose sustainable materials. These include crack-resistant stones or recyclable metals and bricks.
- Water compatibility: Choose a material that does not react with the type of water you intend to use. Some materials are safe for salt and freshwater use. Others only work with freshwater.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the Raw Materials for Fountains?
Clay, stone, cement, metal, plastic, and fiberglass are the raw materials for fountains. Other materials include wood and natural elements such as river rocks and sand. These usually differ depending on the fountain's design.
What Kind of Stones Are Used for Fountains?
Cast and natural stone are used for fountains. Marble and granite are preferable since they are durable and easy to maintain.
What Materials Are Best for Outdoor Fountains?
Cast stone, metal, ceramic, and fiberglass are the best materials for outdoor fountains. They are durable and dense and can withstand harsh environmental conditions.
What is the Mix for the Concrete Water Feature?
The mix for the concrete water feature includes water, cement, and aggregates. The mixture is then molded and cured to form a solid, durable construction.
What Are Old Fountains Made of?
Old fountains are made of cast iron, sandstone, bluestone, or marble. Most of these materials originate from Belgium, Italy, and France.
What Concrete is Used for Fountains?
The 4,000 Psi mix is the concrete used for fountains. It consists of pre-blended gravel, Portland cement, and other substances, like Fibermesh additive. According to a fan of 4,000 Psi on Reddit, it holds better over the long term.
Let the Best material Win
Conduct due diligence when selecting fountain material. Doing so can ensure longevity and the greatest functionality. Metal, concrete, and stone features are durable and worth an investment. Their design makes them great for outdoor use as they can withstand high impact. Resin, glass, and ceramic are delicate but can last longer if handled with care.
Consider the style you want to achieve, your budget, preferred location, and weight. These criteria help you identify the perfect material for your space. Stone fountains are ideal for indoor and outdoor use. Metals like aluminum and copper are the best in terms of environmental sustainability. Each of these materials has unique properties that can complement any setting.
